This data set was generated when a non-trilliaceous species (e.g., Medeola virginica or Amianthium muscaetoxicum) was being used as an outgroup. With the use of Trillium rivale as outgroup, several of these characters are no longer necessary.

C.1. Hybrid Status

1 - yes	2 - no

This character was not used in the morphological analysis. It was included in the data set because of the recognized Japanese hybrids. "No" is the assumed state.

C.2. Flowering Time

1 - February	2 - March	3 - April	4 - May
5 - June	6 - July	7 - August

This is another character that was not used in the analysis, but was included so that the existence of any correlations between the groups and flowering time could be examined. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.3. Chromosome Number

1 - 2n=10	2 - 2n=15	3 - 2n=20
4 - 2n=30	5 - 2n=40

This character was included because of the prevalence of polyploids in the Asiatic Trillium, as well as Paris s.l. To date only scattered occurrences of triploids have been reported from North America. "2n=10" is the assumed state for this character.

C.4. Geographic Area

1 - China	2. western North America	3 - eastern North America
4 - Europe	5 - northern Asia	6 - southern Asia

This character was included to analyze the geographical distribution particularly among the North American Trillium. Northern Asia includes Russia, Japan, and Korea (i.e., countries north of China), whereas southern Asia includes countries south of China. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.5. Genus

1 - outgroup	2 - Trillium	3 - Paris s.l.

This character was included so that currently accepted genera could be mapped onto the final tree topology. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.6. Subgenus

1 - outgroup	2 - Trillium	3 - Phyllantherum
4 - Paris	5 - Kinugasa	6 - Daiswa

As with the character Genus, and the two following characters, this character was included so that traditional groupings could be mapped onto the final tree topology. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.7. Section

1 - outgroup	2 - grandiflorum	3 - erectum	4 - catesbaei
5 - recurvatum	6 - sessile	7 - maculatum	8 - paris
9 - axiparis	10 - kinugasa	11 - daiswa	12 - dunnaniana
13 - marmorata	14 - fargesiana	15 - thibetica

There is no assumed state for this character.

C.8. Rafinesque's genera

1 - outgroup	2 - Paris	3 - Daiswa
4 - Phyllantherum	5 - Trillium	6 - Delostylis

This character was added post priori when the distribution of the genera was examined. From the initial trees produced, it appeared as if Rafinesque's generic groupings might have some validity. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.9. Plant Type

1 - herb	2 - vine

This character was used to separate non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Herb" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.10. Foliaceousness

1 - scapose	2 - leafy	3 - subscapose

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Subscapose" would be used if a plant was basally leafy (for instance) with leaves diminishing in size up the stem. Note that this character only refers to the amount rather than placement (C.23) of the leaves. "Scapose" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.11. Plant Sexuality

1 - bisexual	2 - dioecious	3 - polygamous

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Bisexual" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.12. Inflorescence Type

1 - solitary	2 - simple umbel	3 - raceme	4 - panicle of racemes
5 - panicle	6 - spike	7 - cyme

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Solitary" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.13. Number of Flowers

1 - one	2 - more than one

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "One" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.14. Flower Composition

1 - tepals	2 - sepals + petals

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Sepals plus petals" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.15. Pedicel Vertical Posture

1 - erect	2 - above the leaves	3 - horizontal
4 - below the leaves	5 - none

This character covers both presence/absence of a pedicel as well as vertical orientation. There is a great deal of variation in pedicel posture among Trillium. "Above the leaves" is the assumed state for this character; "none" is assumed for Trillium subg. Phyllantherum.

C.16. Root Type

1 - rhizome	2 - bulb	3 - tuber	4 - fibrous

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Rhizome" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.17. Rhizome Size

1 - very thin

(to 5 mm)	2 - slender

(5 - 10 mm)	3 - thick

(1 - 2.5 cm)	4 - very thick

(over 2.5 cm)

This character illustrates the difference in rhizome sizes between Paris and Daiswa and within Trillium. Measurements were not available for all rhizome diameters, but descriptive phrases such as "thick" and "very thick" were used. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.18. Stem Habit

1 - erect	2 - partially decumbent	3 - decumbent

This character illustrates the variation in the stem habit in sessile-flowered Trillium. "Erect" is the assumed state for this character.

C.19. Plant vestiture

1 - glabrous	2 - puberulent	3 - pubescent	4 - pilose
5 - papillose	6 - scabrous	7 - striate

This character illustrates the variation in pubescence within the family. "Glabrous" is the assumed state for this character.

C.20. Stem Color

1 - green	2 - yellowish-green	3 - reddish-purple	4 - greenish-purple
5 - purplish	6 - brownish-green	7 - reddish	8 - green over purple
9 - purple-tinged

This character illustrates the variation in stem color. Unfortunately, much collapsing of similar colors into "meta-colors" must occur in order to keep the number of character states to an informative minimum. For instance, "yellowish green" includes colors such as "greenish-yellow," "yellow -green," and "green-yellow." "Green" is the assumed state for this character.

C.21. Stem Color Distribution

1 - throughout	2 - geographic	3 - suffused

Even though color is an important field character, the phylogenetic significance of such a subjective measure is doubtful. Color patterning or distribution as a character was developed as a way to include color information that might be more informative phylogenetically. "Geographic" is used to refer to a color pattern that is segregated by area of the plant under consideration; "suffused" refers to a blending of colors. "Throughout" is the assumed state for this character.

C.22. Leaf Number

1 - two	2 - three	3 - four	4 - five
5 - six	6 - seven	7 - eight	8 - nine
9 - ten	10 - eleven and up

Because merosity was the traditional separating character between Trillium and Paris s.l., merosity characters were included in the initial analysis. These characters were later removed to discern their impact on the analysis. There is no assumed state for this character for Paris s.l.; "three" is the assumed state for Trillium.

C.23. Leaf Location

1 - terminal	2 - cauline	3 - basal	4 - reduced cauline

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. Note that this character refers only to placement rather than amount (cf foliaceousness, C.10) of leaves that the plant possesses. "Terminal" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.24. Leaf Arrangement

1 - whorled	2 - alternate	3 - opposite	4 - spirally inserted

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Whorled" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.25. Leaf Number of Whorls

1 - one	2 - more than one	3 - none

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "One" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.26. Leaf Attachment

1 - petiolate	2 - subsessile	3 - sessile

This character illustrates the variation in leaf attachment within the family. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.27. Leaf Shape: Widest Point

1 - ovate (¼)	2 - elliptic-ovate	3 - elliptic/ rhombic/ oblong (½)
4 - elliptic-obovate	5. obovate (¾)

The plane shape characters were the most difficult to model accurately. A given shape is actually composed of three different measures resulting in one shape: the location of the widest point between the stem and apex, the actual width of the leaf (length to width ratio), and the curvature of the sides. This character defines the location of the widest point of the leaf: whether it is ovate (approximately ¼ of the distance from the stem to the apex), elliptic/rhombic/oblong (widest in the center), obovate (approximately ¾ of the distance) or somewhere in-between. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.28. Leaf Shape: Width

1 - linear	2 - narrow	3 - average
4 - broad	5 - very broad	6 - depressed or transverse

This character is the second part of the plane shape. The relative width is determined either by leaf length and width measures or descriptive terms. These values are then based on the IAPT plane shape chart (Systematics Association Committee for Descriptive Terminology, 1962). There is no assumed state for this character.

C.29. Leaf Shape: Sides

1 - elliptic (curved)	2 - oblong-elliptic	3 - oblong (parallel)
4 - oblong-rhombic	5 - rhombic (straight)	6 - rhombic-elliptic

This character is the last of the leaf plane shape characters. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.30. Leaf Margin

1 - entire	2 - undulate	3 - serrulate

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Entire" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.31. Leaf Color Distribution

1 - throughout	2 - mottled	3 - geographic	4 - suffused

This character allows the modeling of specific patterns of variegation in the leaves. "Throughout" is the assumed state for this character.

C.32. Leaf Color

1 - green	2 - more or less purple mottled	3 - green with maroon hue	4 - green with small brownish spots
5 - green with white variegation on veins	6 - mottled	7 - mottled with dark green	8 - green with spots of light green
9 - multiple shades of green	A - shades of green beside pale midrib	B - dark green spots on mottled background	C - dark green between veins with pale midrib

This character illustrates the various patterns of variegation between the sessile-flowered Trillium as well as several species of Paris s.l.. "Green" is the assumed state for this character.

C.33. Leaf Lower Surface

1 - pubescent on veins	2 - scabrous on veins	3 - glossy	4 - dull
5 - purple	6 - purple nerves	7 - glabrous	8 - pubescent

This character illustrates the different lower leaf surfaces in Trilliaceae. "Glabrous" is the assumed state for this character.

C.34. Leaf Apex Type

1 - entire	2 - with sinuses	3 - with mid-rib, midvein, or vein extension

This character groups the different kinds of leaf apices. It was believed that the fewer number of states might be more phylogenetically informative. "Entire" is the assumed state for this character.

C.35. Leaf Apices

1 - acuminate	2 - acute	3 - obtuse	4 - rounded
5 - emarginate	6 - sub-acute	7 - cuspidate	8 - blunt
9 - attenuate

This character illustrates the variety of leaf apices in the family. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.36. Leaf Base Type

1 - entire	2 - with sinuses

As in leaf apex type (C.34), this character groups the different types of leaf bases into fewer, more phylogenetically informative characters. "Entire" is the assumed state for this character.

C.37. Leaf Bases

1 - cuneate	2 - sheathing	3 - obtuse	4 - rounded
5 - attenuate	6 - hastate	7 - cordate

This character illustrates the variety of leaf bases in the family as well as separates the non- trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.38. Leaf Texture

1 - herbaceous	2 - membranous	3 - papery
4 - rugose	5 - coriaceous

This character illustrates the various leaf textures within the family. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.39. Number Main Nerves

1 - many	2 - three	3 - five	4 - seven

This character illustrates the differences in vascular pattern of the leaves. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.40. Bracts

1 - absent	2 - present

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Absent" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.41. Sepal Form

1 - normal	2 - petaloid

This character was used primarily to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Normal" is the assumed state for this character.

C.42. Sepal Fusion

1 - separate	2 - fused

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Separate" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.43. Sepal Number

1 - three	2 - four	3 - five	4 - six
5 - seven	6 - eight	7 - nine	8 - ten

This character illustrates the variety in merosity in the family. "Three" is the assumed state for Trillium for this character; Paris s.l. has no assumed state.

C.44. Sepal: Widest Point

1 - ovate (¼)	2 - elliptic-ovate	3 - elliptic/ rhombic/ oblong (½)
4 - elliptic-obovate	5. obovate (¾)

Like "leaf shape," "sepal shape" has been broken down into component characters (see C.27-C.29). There is no assumed state for this character.

C.45. Sepal: Width

1 - narrow	2 - average	3 - broad

This character was the second part of "sepal shape." There is no assumed state for this character.

C.46. Sepal: Sides

1 - elliptic (curved)	2 - oblong-elliptic	3 - oblong (parallel)

This character was the third part of "sepal shape." There is no assumed state for this character.

C.47. Sepal Duration

1 - persistent	2 - deciduous

This character was used primarily to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Persistent" is the assumed state for this character.

C.48. Sepal Texture

1 - herbaceous	2 - membranous

This character was used primarily to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Herbaceous" is the assumed state for this character.

C.49. Sepal Color

1 - reddish-purple	2 - yellow	3 - purple	4 - purplish-green
5 - red	6 - green	7 - reddish green	8 - yellowish-green
9 - white	A - white with green veins	B - greenish with red or purple veins	C - greenish, purple basally
D - greenish, reddish- purple basally	E - greenish-brown	F - greenish with red veins	G - greenish with reddish-purple margins
H - greenish with purple margins	I - green with white veins

This character illustrates the variation within sepal color. Like stem color, C.20, there is much collapsing of colors into "meta-colors. "Green" is the assumed state for this character.

C.50. Sepal Color Distribution

1 - throughout	2 - suffused	3 - marginal
4 - mottled	5 - geographic

Like stem color and leaf color (C.21 and C.31), color patterning or distribution was included as a way to include phylogenetically informative color information. "Throughout" is the assumed state for this character.

C.51. Sepal Apices

1 - acuminate	2 - acute	3 - obtuse	4 - rounded
5 - acuminate- rounded	6 - sub-acute	7 - cuspidate	8 - emarginate
9 - caudate	A - blunt	B - attenuate

This character illustrates the variation within the family. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.52. Sepal Apex Type

1 - entire	2 - mid-rib, midvein, or vein extension

This character groups the leaf apices into what may be a more phylogenetically informative character. "Entire" is the assumed state for this character.

C.53. Petal Form

1 - normal	2 - foliaceous	3 - staminoid	4 - none

This character was used primarily to separate the non-trilliaceaous outgroups from the ingroup. "Normal" is the assumed state for this character.

C.54. Petal Presence

1 - present	2 - absent

This character and character C.55 are the two characters that are used to identify those taxa with no petals. In the case of all other petal characters, those are listed in the data matrix as "missing." "Present" is the assumed state for this character.

C.55. Petal Number

1 - zero	2 - three	3 - four	4 - five
5 - six	6 - seven	7 - eight

This character was used to illustrate the variety in petal merosity. "Three" is the assumed state for Trillium for this character; there is no assumed state for Paris s.l.

C.56. Petal Fusion

1 - separate	2 - fused

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Separate" is the only currently used state for this character.

C.57. Petal: Widest Point

1 - ovate (¼)	2 - elliptic-ovate	3 - elliptic/ rhombic/ oblong (½)
4 - elliptic-obovate	5. obovate (¾)

Like leaf shape (C.27-29) and sepal shape (C.44-46), petal shape has been separated into its component parts. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.58. Petal: Width

1 - filiform	2 - linear	3 - narrow
4 - average	5 - broad	6 - very broad

This character was the second part of the petal shape character. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.59. Petal: Sides

1 - elliptic (curved)	2 - oblong-elliptic	3 - oblong (parallel)	4 - rhombic-elliptic

This character was the third part of the petal shape character. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.60. Petal Duration

1 - persistent	2 - deciduous

This character was used primarily to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Persistent" is the assumed state for this character.

C.61. Petal Color

1 - white	2 - yellow	3 - cream	4 - pink
5 - red	6 - purple	7 - bronze	8 - green
9 - reddish-purple	A - greenish-yellow	B - purplish-black	C - brownish-purple
D - greenish-purple	E - purple with a greenish claw	F - yellow with a greenish claw	G - green with a purple claw
H - yellow with a purple claw	I - yellow-green with a purple claw	J - white spotted with rose	K - white with purple basally
L - white with a basal red "V"	M - olive	N - purplish green with a purple claw

This character illustrates the variety of petal color (and to a lesser extent color patterning) within the family. Like stem color, there has been collapsing of colors into "meta-colors." There is no assumed state for this character.

C.62. Petal Color Distribution

1 - throughout	2 - spotted	3 - geographic

Because of the large number of petal colors (and color patterning) this character was developed to more clearly illustrate these states. "Throughout" is the assumed state for this character.

C.63. Petal Anthocyanins

1 - yes	2 - no	3 - white fading to pink

Because of the broad range of colors, it was felt that perhaps the presence or absence of anthocyanin pigments might be more phylogenetically informative than "red" or "white." In addition to mere presence or absence, there are also those white trilliums that turn pink as they age. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.64. Petal Transverse Posture

1 - incurved	2 - plane	3 - recurved
4 - undulate	5 - outcurved

Like plane shape, posture or attitude cannot be adequately represented in just one character. The three parts of attitude are transverse (ends to the middle), vertical (relative to the vertical axis), and longitudinal (sides to the center). This character illustrates the variety of petal postures. Recurved denotes a petal more curved back on itself rather than just curved away from the vertical axis. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.65. Petal Vertical Orientation

1 - erect	2 - divergent (upwards)	3 - horizontal
4 divergent (downward)	5 - declined

This character was the second part of petal posture. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.66. Petal Longitudinal Posture

1 - straight	2 - twisted

This character was the third part of petal posture. "Straight" is the assumed state for this character.

C.67. Petal Apices

1 - acuminate	2 - acute	3 - obtuse	4 - rounded
5 - blunt	6 - sub-acute	7 - cuspidate	8 - apiculate
9 - emarginate	A - mucronate

This character illustrates the various petal apices in the family (q.v. C.35, C.51). There is no assumed state for this character.

C.68. Petal Apex Type

1 - entire	2 - midrib, midvein, or vein extension

This character, like the others (C.34, C.52) groups the apices by type. "Entire" is the assumed state for this character.

C.69. Stamen form

1 - normal	2 - petaloid-abortive

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Normal" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.70. Stamen Number

1 - zero	2 - 1x sepals	3 - 2x sepals
4 - 3x sepals	5 - 4x sepals

This character illustrate the variety in numbers of whorls of stamens. "2x" is the is assumed state for Trillium for this character; there is no assumed state for Paris s.l..

C.71. Stamen Fusion

1 - free	2 - adnate to tepal

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Free" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.72. Stamen Transverse Posture

1 - straight	2 - incurved	3 - slightly recurved

Like petal posture (C.64), stamen posture was divided into its component parts. This character was the first. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.73. Stamen Vertical Posture

1 - erect	2 - spreading

This character is the second part of stamen posture. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.74. Anther Dehiscence

1 - introrse	2 - latrorse	3 - extrorse

This character illustrates the variety of dehiscence in the family. Unlike other families or genera, this is not always constant within Trilliaceae. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.75. Pollen Shape

1 - spherical	2 - ellipsoid	3 - irregular

This character has been found to be diagnostic between Paris s.l. and Trillium. "Spherical" is the assumed state for Trillium for this character; "ellipsoid" is the assumed state for Paris s.l. It was pollen shape that helped solidify the position of Trillidium as a va;od genus. When the position of Trillium rivale came under suspicion, pollen grains from T. rivale, T. govanianum, T. sulcatum, and P. polyphylla were examine with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (Figure C.1). T. rivale has the spherical pollen of Trillium, but T. govanianum clearly has ellipsoidal, monosulcate pollen.

C.76. Pollen Aperture

1 - omniaperturate	2 - monosulcate

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup as well as separate Trillium and Paris, s.l.. "Omniaperturate" is the assumed state for Trillium for this character; "monosulcate" is the assumed state for Paris s.l (q.v. Figure C.1).

C.77. Pollen Ornamentation

1 - granulate	2 - echinate	3 - corrugate	4 - verrucate
5 - spinulate	6 - clavate	7 - foveolate	8 - reticulate
9 - psilate	A - gemmate

This character has been found to be taxonomically informative, but it has not been sampled widely enough across the family to be very phylogenetically informative. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.78. Connective Prolongation

1 - none	2 - acute	3 - truncate	4 - dilated
5 - round	6 - emarginate	7 - obtuse

This character illustrates the various shapes of connective prolongation in the family. This character is taxonomically important. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.79. Filament Color

1 - green	2 - purple	3 - whitish-purple	4 - reddish-purple
5 - whitish-green	6 reddish-purplish- brown	7 - pinkish-white	8 - greenish-yellow
9 - white	A - pink	B - brown	C - yellow

This character illustrates the variety in the family. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.80. Pollen Color

1 - yellow	2 - orange	3 - olive	4 - brownish
5 - olive-orange	6 - purple	7 - greyish-purple	8 - pink
9 - yellowish pale purple	A - green	B - maroon	C - orange-yellow

This character illustrates the variety in the family. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.81. Connective Color

1 - green	2 - pink	3 - purple	4 - pinkish-purple
5 - reddish-purple	6 - brown	7 - whitish-green	8 - white
9 - reddish-purplish- brown

This character illustrates the variety in the family. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.82. Stamen Color Distribution

1 - throughout	2 - pollen different	3 - all different

Because of extreme variability in color, this character was used to examine color distribution patterns rather than actual colors. "Throughout" is the assumed state for this character.

C.83. Pistil Form

1 - normal	2 - abortive

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Normal" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.84. Ovary Position

1 - inferior	2 - superior

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Superior" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.85. Number of Locules

1 - one	2 - three	3 - four to ten

This character and placentation (C.86) were used to examine the variety within the family. These characters are diagnostic in separating Paris and Daiswa; there is no consistency within Trillium. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.86. Placentation

1 - axile	2 - parietal	3 - combination

In Paris and Daiswa, placentation and number of locules are correlated; this is not the case in Trillium. Due to reports of "variable placentation" in Trillium (Zomlefer, 1994, 1996) serial sections were made of various Trillium" ovaries (Figure C.2). In most of the ovaries that were examined, apically, basally, or both, placentation was obviously axile, but in the center of the ovary, placentation was parietal. Traditionally in Trillium, placentation was reported to be axile because Liliaceae have axile placentation. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.87. Ovary Shape

1 - conical	2 - angular-ovoid	3 - ovoid	4 - ellipsoid
5 - obovoid	6 - flask-shaped	7 - subglobose	8 - oval-globose
9 - fusiform	A - ovate-conical

This character illustrates the variety of shapes within the family. This character has been used taxonomically within pedicellate Trillium. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.88. Ovary Cross-section Shape

1 - round	2 - ridged	3 - angled	4 - winged

This character illustrates the taxonomically important ovary cross-section shape. Figure C.2 also illustrates the difference between "winged" versus "ridged." There is no assumed state for this character.

C.89. Ovary Ribs

1 - zero	2 - two	3 - three	4 - four
5 - five	6 - six	7 - seven

This character illustrates the variety in numbers of ribs or wings. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.90. Ovary Apex

1 - truncate	2 - crowned	3 - attenuate	4 - obtuse

This character can be used to separate Paris from Daiswa; within Trillium, there is not a great deal of variety. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.91. Style Presence

1 - present	2 - absent

Many Paris s.l. exhibit a common style, whereas most Trillium do not. "Absent" is the assumed state for this character.

C.92. Stigma Number

1 - three	2 - four	3 - five	4 - six
5 - eight	6 - ten	7 - seven

This character illustrates the stigmatic merosity. "Three" is the assumed state for Trillium for this character; Paris s.l. has no assumed state.

C.93. Stigma Shape

1 - linear-subulate	2 - subulate

This character illustrates stigma shape which can be important taxonomically in Trillium. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.94. Stigma Vertical Posture

1 - divergent	2 - erect

This character, like petal posture and stamen posture, has been divided into its component parts. It illustrates the orientation of the stigmatic branches. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.95. Stigma Transverse Posture

1 - incurved	2 - straight	3 - recurved

This character is the second part of stigma posture. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.96. Stigma Duration

1 - deciduous	2 - persistent

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup. "Persistent" is the only state currently used for this character.

C.97. Stigma Size

1 - very thin	2 - thin	3 - average	4 - thick

This character illustrates the variation in stigma size within the family. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.98. Ovary color

1 - yellowish-white	2 - green	3 - purple	4 - pink
5 - cream yellow	6 - white	7 - reddish-purple	8 - purplish-brown
9 - yellow-green	A - reddish-purplish- brown over green-red	B - green over purple	C - purple over green
D - purple over yellow	E - purple over white	F - pink over white	G - green with purple disk
H - green with yellow disk	I - green with white disk	J - yellow with black disk

Like other color characters, there has been grouping into "meta-colors" in this character. This character illustrates the variation in color as well as some color patterning. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.99. Ovary Color Distribution

1 - throughout	2 - spotted	3 - striped	4 - geographic

This character, like the other color distribution characters, was chosen in the hope that it would be more phylogenetically informative than a long list of colors. "Throughout" is the assumed state for this character.

C.100. Stigma Color

1 - green	2 - purple	3 - yellowish-green	4 - creamy white
5 - yellow	6 - yellowish-white	7 - pink	8 - black
9 - brownish-violet	A - reddish-purplish- brown	B - brown	C - purple out, green in
D - purple-brown out, yellow in	E - purple out, yellow in	F - white, basally pink	G - green out, yellow in
H - pinkish-orange	I - red

This character illustrates the variation in the family. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.101 Stigma Color Distribution

1 - throughout	2 - banded	3 - geographic

This character was assumed to be more phylogenetically informative than color alone. "Throughout" is the assumed state for this character.

C.102. Pistil Color Distribution

1 - throughout	2 - geographic by part	3 - all different

This character was assumed to be more phylogenetically informative than color alone. "Throughout" is the assumed state for this character.

C.103. Fruit Type

1 - berry	2 - capsule	3 - fleshy capsule

This much debate about fruit type in Trilliaceae. The fruit in Daiswa is loculicidally dehiscent, but it is not a true capsule. Some people have called this type of fruit a fleshy capsule. In Trillium, the fleshy capsule is often mentioned, but it does not exhibit true dehiscence; rather the fruit ruptures as if enlarging too rapidly, or it abcisses from the plant rupturing in the process. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.104. Fruit Dehiscence

1 - indehiscent	2 - basally dehiscent	3 - septicidal	4 - irregular
5 - loculicidal	6 - dehiscent	7 - decay

This character was used to separate the non-trilliaceous outgroups from the ingroup as well as illustrate the various types of dehiscence that heave been reported on Trilliaceae. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.105. Fruit Shape

1 - conical	2 - angular-ovoid	3 - ovoid
4 - globose	5 - obovoid	6 - elliptic

This character illustrates the variety of fruit shapes in the family. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.106. Fruit Color

1 - green	2 - maroon	3 - greenish-yellow	4 - rusty red
5 - greenish-white	6 - red	7 - black	8 - bluish-black
9 - brown	A - purple	B - green with purple dots	C - purplish-green
D - greenish-brown	E - green with brown ribs	F - black-purple	G - white
H - pink

This character illustrates the variety of fruit colors in the family. There is no assumed state for this character.

C.107. Fruit Color Distribution

1 - throughout	2 - mottled	3 - spotted
4 - striped	5 - geographic

This character was assumed to be more phylogenetically informative than color alone. "Throughout" is the assumed state for this character.

C.108. Seed Arils

1 - incomplete	2 - absent	3 - complete

This character is taxonomically important in the family. "Incomplete" is the assumed state for Trillium; there is no assumed state for Paris s.l. for this character.

C.109. Endosperm Development

1 - helobial	2 - nuclear

This character is diagnostic within the family. "Helobial" is assumed for Trillium; "nuclear" is assumed for Paris s.l. for this character.

C.110. Cotyledon Shape

1 - strap-like	2 - leaf-like

This character was determined to be diagnostic in separating Trillium from Paris s.l. (Figure C.3). At this time, it is not know if the leaf-like cotyledon is a true cotyledon, or if it is a true leaf emerging after some sort of epigeal germination. "Strap-like" is assumed for Trillium; "leaf-like" is assumed for Paris s.l.