WPCa$ ^ٓ~\~-!5Ln*8k]P~NԳx, }S&n8ؿf0^b rQb-{ *R-𐒾_6s3y|T[w&e =4v4DK3q2.:9%/#*^Z Aa:qe$q9~a;^{fgyY yyy +2leafy -yyyy$?yyy -3subscapose.$"$@ yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Subscaposewouldbeusedifaplantwasbasallyleafy(forinstance)withleavesdimi'"]nishinginsizeupthestem.Notethatthischaracteronlyreferstotheamountratherthanplacement(C.23)oftheleaves. Scaposeistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter. `  $*t%F &  C.11.PlantSexuality*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy H %1bisexual +yyyHyyy +2dioecious -yyyyHyyy -3polygamous.$"H yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Bisexualistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter.' ` C.12.InflorescenceType*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  ,yy    ,1solitary ;yy,!  yy ;2simpleumbel ;yy,! yy ;3raceme 6yyy#! yy 64panicleofracemes 9yyy(  yyy 95panicle +yyyt yyy +6spike +yyyt yyy +7cyme -yyyyt yyy -.$"t   yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Solitaryistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter. ` &  C.13.NumberofFlowers*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy $ %1one -yyyy$yyy -2morethanone.$"$ yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Oneistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter.'p ` C.14.FlowerComposition*xdddd dd (#(#x,dd ,dd +  %yyy 4$ %1tepals -yyyy4%yyy -2sepals+petals.$"4& yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Sepalspluspetalsistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter. ` &  C.15.PedicelVerticalPosture*xdddd dd (#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy  - #1erect )yy .yy )2abovetheleaves -yyy /yy -3horizontal 9yyy( 0 yyy 94belowtheleaves +yyy`!1yyy +5none -yyyy`!2yyy -.$"`!3  yyyy . `   ` Thischaractercoversbothpresence/absenceofapedicelaswellasverticalorientation.ThereisagreatdealofvariationinpedicelpostureamongTrillium.' Abovetheleavesisthe #5 assumedstateforthischaracter; noneisassumedforTrilliumsubg.Phyllantherum. $6 &  C.16.RootType*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy '#: %1rhizome +yyy'#;yyy +2bulb +yyy'#<yyy +3tuber -yyyy'#=yyy -4fibrous.$"'#> yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Rhizome'(&Ԁistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter. *@&A & ` C.17.RhizomeSize*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy d %1verythin(to5mm) +yyy0yyy +2slender(510mm) +yyy0yyy +3thick(12.5cm) -yyyy0 yyy -4verythick(over2.5cm).$"0  yyyy . `   ` ThischaracterillustratesthedifferenceinrhizomesizesbetweenParisandDaiswaand x   withinTrillium.'`Measurementswerenotavailableforallrhizomediameters,butdescriptive D   phrasessuchas thickand verythickwereused.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter. ` &  C.18.StemHabit*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  .yyy  \  .1erect =yyy,! \ yyy =2partiallydecumbent ?yyyy,!( yyy ?3decumbent7-+ \  yyyy 7 `   ` ThischaracterillustratesthevariationinthestemhabitinsessilefloweredTrillium. Erect'  p  istheassumedstateforthischaracter. ` &  C.19.Plantvestiture*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy 8 #1glabrous )yy8yy )2puberulent )yy8 yy )3pubescent -yyy8!yy -4pilose 9yyy(8" yyy 95papillose +yyyT#yyy +6scabrous +yyyT$yyy +7striate -yyyyT%yyy -.$"T&  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthe'Ԁvariationinpubescencewithinthefamily. Glabrousistheassumedstateforthischaracter. `  ` & ` C.20.StemColor*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  ,yy d- ,1green ;yy,!d.yy ;2yellowishgreen ;yy,!d/yy ;3reddishpurple ?yyy,!d0yy ?4greenishpurple Iyy:'d1 yyy I5purplish ;yy,!02yy ;6brownishgreen ;yy,!03yy ;7reddish ?yyy,!04yy ?8greenoverpurple Kyyy:'05 yyy K9purpletinged =yyy,!L6yyy = =yyy,!L7yyy = ?yyyy,!L8yyy ?7-+L9  yyyy 7 `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevariationinstemcolor.Unfortunately,muchcollapsingofsimilarcolorsinto metacolorsmustoccurinordertokeepthe'`numberofcharacterstatestoaninformativeminimum.Forinstance, yellowishgreenincludescolorssuchas greenishyellow, yellowgreen,and greenyellow. Greenistheassumedstateforthischaracter.&  C.21.StemColorDistribution*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy \% @ %1throughout +yyy\% Ayyy +2geographic -yyyy\% Byyy -3suffused.$"\% C yyyy . `   ` Eventhoughcolorisanimportantfieldcharacter,thephylogeneticsignificanceofsuchasubjectivemeasureisdoubtful.Colorpatterningordistributionasacharacterwas'#fdevelopedasawaytoincludecolorinformationthatmightbemoreinformativephylogenetically. Geographicisusedtorefertoacolorpatternthatissegregatedbyareaoftheplantunderconsideration; suffusedreferstoablendingofcolors. Throughoutistheassumedstateforthischaracter. *@&I  ` &  C.22.LeafNumber*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy d #1two )yydyy )2three )yydyy )3four -yyydyy -4five 7yy(d yyy 75six )yy0yy )6seven )yy0 yy )7eight -yyy0 yy -8nine 9yyy(0  yyy 99ten +yyy yyy +10elevenandup +yyy yyy + -yyyyyyy -.$"  yyyy . `   ` BecausemerositywasthetraditionalseparatingcharacterbetweenTrilliumandPariss.l., D  merositycharacterswereincludedintheinitialanalysis.Thesecharacterswerelaterremovedtodiscerntheirimpactontheanalysis.ThereisnoassumedstateforthischaracterforPariss.l.;  ,  threeistheassumedstateforTrillium.'    ` & ` C.23.LeafLocation*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy   %1terminal +yyy yyy +2cauline +yyy yyy +3basal -yyyy yyy -4reducedcauline.$"  yyyy . ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup.Notethatthischaracterrefersonlytoplacementratherthanamount(cffoliaceousness,C.10)ofleavesthattheplantpossesses. Terminalistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter.'`@i ` &  C.24.LeafArrangement*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy  $ %1whorled +yyy %yyy +2alternate +yyy &yyy +3opposite -yyyy 'yyy -4spirallyinserted.$" ( yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Whorledistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter.'8&  C.25.LeafNumberofWhorls*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy 0/ %1one +yyy00yyy +2morethanone -yyyy01yyy -3none.$"02 yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. One'istheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter. ` &  C.26.LeafAttachment*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy $9 %1petiolate +yyy$:yyy +2subsessile -yyyy$;yyy -3sessile.$"$< yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevariationinleafattachmentwithinthefamily.Thereisno',"assumedstateforthischaracter. `  (#@ & \ C.27.LeafShape:WidestPoint*dddd dd dd (#(#,4dd ,4dd ,4dd +  ,yy H ,1ovate() ;yy,!Hyy ;2ellipticovate ?yyy,!Hyy ?3elliptic/rhombic/oblong() Byyy1'd yyy B4ellipticobovate +yyy0yyy +5.obovate() -yyyy0yyy -.$"0   yyyy . ` Theplaneshapecharacterswerethemostdifficulttomodelaccurately.Agivenshapeisactuallycomposedofthreedifferentmeasuresresultinginoneshape:thelocationofthewidestpointbetweenthestemandapex,theactualwidthoftheleaf(lengthtowidthratio),andthecurvatureofthesides.Thischaracterdefinesthelocationofthewidestpointoftheleaf:whetheritisovate(approximatelyofthedistancefromthestemtotheapex),elliptic/rhombic/oblong(widestinthecenter),obovate(approximatelyofthedistance)orsomewhereinbetween.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.'\  ` &  C.28.LeafShape:Width*dd4dd 44dd 44dd 4(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  ,yy <  ,1linear ;yy,!< yy ;2narrow ?yyy,!< yy ?3average Kyyy:'<  yyy K4broad =yyy,!Xyyy =5verybroad ?yyyy,!Xyyy ?6depressedortransverse7-+$  yyyy 7 `   ` Thischaracteristhesecondpartoftheplaneshape.Therelativewidthisdeterminedeitherbyleaflengthandwidthmeasuresordescriptiveterms.ThesevaluesarethenbasedontheIAPTplaneshapechart(SystematicsAssociationCommitteeforDescriptiveTerminology,1962).Thereisno'0Ԁassumedstateforthischaracter.&  C.29.LeafShape:Sides*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  ,yy % ,1elliptic(curved) ;yy,!&yy ;2oblongelliptic ?yyy,!'yy ?3oblong(parallel) Kyyy:'( yyy K4oblongrhombic =yyy,!)yyy =5rhombic(straight) ?yyyy,!*yyy ?6rhombicelliptic7-++  yyyy 7 `   ` Thischaracteristhelastoftheleafplaneshapecharacters.Thereis'4noassumedstateforthischaracter. ` &  C.30.LeafMargin*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy "H2 %1entire +yyy"H3yyy +2undulate -yyyy"H4yyy -3serrulate.$""H5 yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Entireistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter.'  ` &  C.31.LeafColorDistribution*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy X)$< %1throughout +yyyX)$=yyy +2mottled +yyyX)$>yyy +3geographic -yyyyX)$?yyy -4suffused.$"X)$@ yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterallowsthemodelingofspecificpatternsofvariegationintheleaves. Throughout''EԀistheassumedstateforthischaracter. + 'B Ї ` &  C.32.LeafColor*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  ,yy d ,1green ;yy,!dyy ;2moreorlesspurplemottled ;yy,!0yy ;3greenwithmaroonhue ?yyy,!0yy ?4greenwithsmallbrownishspots Iyy:'0  yyy I5greenwithwhitevariegationonveins ;yy,!x  yy ;6mottled ;yy,! yy ;7mottledwithdarkgreen ?yyy,!x yy ?8greenwithspotsoflightgreen Kyyy:'x  yyy K9multipleshadesofgreen =yyy,! `yyy =Ashadesofgreenbesidepalemidrib =yyy,! `yyy =Bdarkgreenspotsonmottledbackground ?yyyy,! ,yyy ?Cdarkgreenbetweenveinswithpalemidrib7-+ ,  yyyy 7 `   ` ThischaracterillustratesthevariouspatternsofvariegationbetweenthesessilefloweredTrilliumaswellasseveralspeciesofPariss.l.. Greenistheassumedstateforthischaracter.' |h @  C.33.LeafLowerSurface*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy < " #1pubescentonveins )yyX$yy )2scabrousonveins )yy< %yy )3glossy -yyy< &yy -4dull 9yyy(< ' yyy 95purple +yyy$(yyy +6purplenerves +yyy$)yyy +7glabrous -yyyy$*yyy -8pubescent.$"$+  yyyy . `   ` ThischaracterillustratesthedifferentlowerleafsurfacesinTrilliaceae. Glabrousistheassumedstateforthischaracter.C.34.LeafApexType*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  .yyy P3 .1entire =yyy,!P4yyy =2withsinuses ?yyyy,!P5yyy ?3withmidrib,midvein,orveinextension7-+7 yyyy 7 `   ` Thischaractergroupsthedifferentkindsofleafapices.Itwasbelievedthatthefewernumberofstatesmightbemorephylogeneticallyinformative. Entireistheassumedstateforthischaracter.C.35.LeafApices*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy "H? #1acuminate )yy"H@yy )2acute )yy"HAyy )3obtuse -yyy"HByy -4rounded 7yy("HC yyy 75emarginate )yy#Dyy )6subacute )yy#Eyy )7cuspidate -yyy#Fyy -8blunt 9yyy(#G yyy 99attenuate +yyy$Hyyy + +yyy$Iyyy + -yyyy$Jyyy -.$"$K  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevarietyofleafapicesinthefamily.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter. '#N &  C.36.LeafBaseType*  dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd +  .yyy H .1entire ?yyyy,!Hyyy ?2withsinuses7-+H yyyy 7 `   ` Asinleafapextype(C.34),thischaractergroupsthedifferenttypesofleafbasesintofewer,morephylogeneticallyinformativecharacters. Entireistheassumedstateforthischaracter.'$C.37.LeafBases*x  dddd dd   (#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy    #1cuneate )yy  yy )2sheathing )yy  yy )3obtuse -yyy yy -4rounded 9yyy(  yyy 95attenuate +yyyt yyy +6hastate +yyyt yyy +7cordate -yyyyt yyy -.$"t   yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevarietyofleafbasesinthefamilyaswellasseparatesthenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.C.38.LeafTexture* dddd dd dd dd   (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy $ #1herbaceous )yy$yy )2membranous -yyy$yy -3papery 9yyy($ yyy 94rugose +yyyyyy +5coriaceous -yyyyyyy -.$"   yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevariousleaftextureswithinthefamily.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.C.39.NumberMainNerves*dddd dd dd  (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy P' %1many +yyyP(yyy +2three +yyyP)yyy +3five -yyyyP*yyy -4seven.$"P+ yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthedifferencesinvascularpatternoftheleaves.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.C.40.Bracts*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy `!2 %1absent -yyyy`!3yyy -2present.$"`!4 yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Absentistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter.&  C.41.SepalForm*xdddd dd (#(#x,dd ,dd +  %yyy '#; %1normal -yyyy'#<yyy -2petaloid.$"'#= yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedprimarilytoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Normalistheassumedstateforthischaracter.'(&m3 + 'A C.42.SepalFusion*xdddd dd (#(#x,dd ,dd +  %yyy H %1separate -yyyyHyyy -2fused.$"H yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Separateistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter.&  C.43.SepalNumber*xdddd dd (#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy    #1three )yy  yy )2four )yy  yy )3five -yyy yy -4six 9yyy(  yyy 95seven +yyyt yyy +6eight +yyyt yyy +7nine -yyyyt yyy -8ten.$"t   yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevarietyinmerosityinthefamily. ThreeistheassumedstateforTrilliumforthischaracter;Pariss.l.hasnoassumedstate.' 7 (  C.44.Sepal:WidestPoint*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,4dd ,4dd ,4dd +  ,yy $ ,1ovate() ;yy,!$yy ;2ellipticovate ?yyy,!$yy ?3elliptic/rhombic/oblong() Byyy1' yyy B4ellipticobovate +yyylyyy +5.obovate() -yyyyl yyy -.$"l!  yyyy . `   ` Like leafshape, sepalshapehasbeenbrokendownintocomponentcharacters(seeC.27C.29).Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.C.45.Sepal:Width*dd4dd 44dd 44dd 4(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy ( %1narrow +yyy)yyy +2average -yyyy*yyy -3broad.$"+ yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasthesecondpartof sepalshape.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.&  C.46.Sepal:Sides*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy ,"|2 %1elliptic(curved) +yyy,"|3yyy +2oblongelliptic -yyyy,"|4yyy -3oblong(parallel).$","|5 yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasthethirdpartof sepalshape.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.' A&  C.47.SepalDuration* dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy (#< %1persistent -yyyy(#=yyy -2deciduous.$"(#> yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedprimarilytoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Persistentistheassumedstateforthischaracter.  '&^D *@&@  + 'A ЇC.48.SepalTexture*x!"dddd dd  (#(#x,dd ,dd +  %yyy H %1herbaceous -yyyyHyyy -2membranous.$"H yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedprimarilytoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Herbaceousistheassumedstateforthischaracter.& ( C.49.SepalColor*x#$dddd dd !"(#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  ,yy    ,1reddishpurple ;yy,!  yy ;2yellow ;yy,!  yy ;3purple ?yyy,! yy ?4purplishgreen Iyy:'  yyy I5red ;yy,!t yy ;6green ;yy,!t yy ;7reddishgreen ?yyy,!t yy ?8yellowishgreen Iyy:'t  yyy I9white ;yy,!@ yy ;Awhitewithgreenveins ;yy,! \ yy ;Bgreenishwithredorpurpleveins ?yyy,! \ yy ?Cgreenish,purplebasally Iyy:' \  yyy IDgreenish,reddishpurplebasally ;yy,! yy ;Egreenishbrown ;yy,!( yy ;Fgreenishwithredveins ?yyy,! yy ?Ggreenishwithreddishpurplemargins Kyyy:'p " yyy KHgreenishwithpurplemargins =yyy,!X$yyy =Igreenwithwhiteveins =yyy,!X&yyy = ?yyyy,!< 'yyy ?7-+< (  yyyy 7 `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevariationwithinsepalcolor.Likestemcolor,C.20,thereismuchcollapsingofcolorsinto metacolors. Greenistheassumedstateforthischaracter.'(  I& ` C.50.SepalColorDistribution*%&dddd dd dd dd #$(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy h/ #1throughout )yyh0yy )2suffused -yyyh1yy -3marginal 9yyy(h2 yyy 94mottled +yyy43yyy +5geographic -yyyy44yyy -.$"45  yyyy . `   ` Likestemcolorandleafcolor(C.21andC.31),colorpatterningordistributionwasincludedasawaytoincludephylogeneticallyinformativecolorinformation. Throughoutistheassumedstateforthischaracter.'`QC.51.SepalApices*'(dddd dd dd %&(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  ,yy `!= ,1acuminate ;yy,!`!>yy ;2acute ;yy,!`!?yy ;3obtuse ?yyy,!`!@yy ?4rounded Iyy:'`!A yyy I5acuminaterounded ;yy,!"HCyy ;6subacute ;yy,!,"|Dyy ;7cuspidate ?yyy,!,"|Eyy ?8emarginate Kyyy:',"|F yyy K9caudate =yyy,!#Gyyy =Ablunt =yyy,!#Hyyy =Battenuate ?yyyy,!#Iyyy ?7-+#J  yyyy 7 `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevariationwithinthefamily.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter. '#N &  C.52.SepalApexType*)*dddd dd dd dd '((#(#,` dd ,` dd +  %yyy H %1entire -yyyyHyyy -2midrib,midvein,orveinextension.$"d yyyy . `   ` Thischaractergroupstheleafapicesintowhatmaybeamorephylogeneticallyinformativecharacter. Entireistheassumedstateforthischaracter.'ZC.53.PetalForm*x+,dd` dd ` ` dd ` )*(#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy t   %1normal +yyyt  yyy +2foliaceous +yyyt yyy +3staminoid -yyyyt yyy -4none.$"t  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedprimarilytoseparatethenontrilliaceaousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Normalistheassumedstateforthischaracter.C.54.PetalPresence*-.dddd dd dd dd +,(#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy $ %1present -yyyy$yyy -2absent.$"$ yyyy . `   ` ThischaracterandcharacterC.55arethetwocharactersthatareusedtoidentifythosetaxawithnopetals.Inthecaseofallotherpetalcharacters,thosearelistedinthedatamatrixas missing. Presentistheassumedstateforthischaracter.C.55.PetalNumber*x/0dddd dd -.(#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy P! #1zero )yyP"yy )2three )yyP#yy )3four -yyyP$yy -4five 9yyy(P% yyy 95six +yyy&yyy +6seven +yyy'yyy +7eight -yyyy(yyy -.$")  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoillustratethevarietyinpetalmerosity. ThreeistheassumedstateforTrilliumforthischaracter;thereisnoassumedstateforPariss.l. 0+ C.56.PetalFusion*12dddd dd dd dd /0(#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy ,"|0 %1separate -yyyy,"|1yyy -2fused.$","|2 yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Separateistheonlycurrentlyusedstateforthischaracter. (&x!6 & ` C.57.Petal:WidestPoint*x34dddd dd 12(#(#x,4dd ,4dd ,4dd +  ,yy H ,1ovate() ;yy,!Hyy ;2ellipticovate ?yyy,!Hyy ?3elliptic/rhombic/oblong() Byyy1'd yyy B4ellipticobovate +yyy0yyy +5.obovate() -yyyy0yyy -.$"0   yyyy . `   ` Likeleafshape(C.2729)andsepalshape(C.4446),petalshapehasbeenseparatedintoitscomponentparts.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.'`)iC.58.Petal:Width*56dd4dd 44dd 44dd 434(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy @  #1filiform )yy@ yy )2linear -yyy@ yy -3narrow 9yyy(@  yyy 94average +yyy \ yyy +5broad -yyyy \ yyy -6verybroad.$" \   yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasthesecondpartofthepetalshapecharacter.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.C.59.Petal:Sides*78dddd dd dd 56(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy l %1elliptic(curved) +yyylyyy +2oblongelliptic +yyylyyy +3oblong(parallel) -yyyyl yyy -4rhombicelliptic.$"l! yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasthethirdpartofthepetalshapecharacter.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.&  C.60.PetalDuration*9:dddd dd dd dd 78(#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy ( %1persistent -yyyy)yyy -2deciduous.$"* yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedprimarilytoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Persistentistheassumedstateforthischaracter.'4rC.61.PetalColor*x;<dddd dd 9:(#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  ,yy ,"|1 ,1white ;yy,!,"|2yy ;2yellow ;yy,!,"|3yy ;3cream ?yyy,!,"|4yy ?4pink Iyy:',"|5 yyy I5red ;yy,!"H6yy ;6purple ;yy,!"H7yy ;7bronze ?yyy,!"H8yy ?8green Iyy:'"H9 yyy I9reddishpurple ;yy,!#:yy ;Agreenishyellow ;yy,!#;yy ;Bpurplishblack ?yyy,!#<yy ?Cbrownishpurple Iyy:'#= yyy IDgreenishpurple ;yy,!$>yy ;Epurplewithagreenishclaw ;yy,!\% @yy ;Fyellowwithagreenishclaw ?yyy,!\% Byy ?Ggreenwithapurpleclaw Iyy:'\% D yyy IHyellowwithapurpleclaw ;yy,!&D"Fyy ;Iyellowgreenwithapurpleclaw ;yy,!&D"Hyy ;Jwhitespottedwithrose ?yyy,!&D"Jyy ?Kwhitewithpurplebasally Kyyy:'&D"L yyy KLwhitewithabasalred V =yyy,!(#Nyyy =Molive =yyy,!'#Oyyy =Npurplishgreenwithapurpleclaw ?yyyy,!(#Qyyy ?7-+'#R  yyyy 7 `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevarietyofpetalcolor(andtoalesserextentcolorpatterning)withinthefamily.Likestemcolor,therehasbeencollapsingofcolorsinto metacolors.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter. + 'U ЇC.62.PetalColorDistribution*=>dddd dd dd dd ;<(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy d %1throughout +yyydyyy +2spotted -yyyydyyy -3geographic.$"d yyyy . `   ` Becauseofthelargenumberofpetalcolors(andcolorpatterning)thischaracterwasdevelopedtomoreclearlyillustratethesestates. Throughoutistheassumedstateforthischaracter.C.63.PetalAnthocyanins*?@dddd dd dd =>(#(#,4dd ,4dd ,4dd +  %yyy @  %1yes +yyy@ yyy +2no -yyyy@ yyy -3whitefadingtopink.$"@  yyyy . `   ` Becauseofthebroadrangeofcolors,itwasfeltthatperhapsthepresenceorabsenceofanthocyaninpigmentsmightbemorephylogeneticallyinformativethan redor white.Inadditiontomerepresenceorabsence,therearealsothosewhitetrilliumsthatturnpinkastheyage.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.&  C.64.PetalTransversePosture*ABdd4dd 44dd 44dd 4?@(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy 8 #1incurved )yy8yy )2plane -yyy8yy -3recurved 9yyy(8 yyy 94undulate +yyyTyyy +5outcurved -yyyyTyyy -.$"T   yyyy . `   ` Likeplaneshape,postureorattitudecannotbeadequatelyrepresentedinjustonecharacter.Thethreepartsofattitudearetransverse(endstothemiddle),vertical(relativetotheverticalaxis),andlongitudinal(sidestothecenter).Thischaracterillustratesthevarietyofpetalpostures.Recurveddenotesapetalmorecurvedbackonitselfratherthanjustcurvedawayfromtheverticalaxis.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.'dC.65.PetalVerticalOrientation*CDdddd dd dd AB(#(#,4dd ,4dd ,4dd +  #yy * #1erect )yy+yy )2divergent(upwards) -yyy,yy -3horizontal 9yyy(- yyy 94divergent(downward) +yyy .yyy +5declined -yyyy /yyy -.$" 0  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasthesecondpartofpetalposture.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.C.66.PetalLongitudinalPosture*EFdd4dd 44dd 44dd 4CD(#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy &D"7 %1straight -yyyy&D"8yyy -2twisted.$"&D"9 yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasthethirdpartofpetalposture. Straightistheassumedstateforthischaracter. *@&= & ` C.67.PetalApices*xGHdddd dd EF(#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy H #1acuminate )yyHyy )2acute )yyHyy )3obtuse -yyyHyy -4rounded 7yy(H yyy 75blunt )yydyy )6subacute )yydyy )7cuspidate -yyyd yy -8apiculate 9yyy(d  yyy 99emarginate +yyy0 yyy +Amucronate +yyy0 yyy + -yyyy0 yyy -.$"0  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevariouspetalapicesinthefamily(q.v.C.35,C.51).Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.'`>C.68.PetalApexType*IJdddd dd dd dd GH(#(#,dd",dd"+  .yyy @  .1entire ?yyyy,!@ "yyy ?2midrib,midvein,orveinextension7-+ \ " yyyy 7 `   ` Thischaracter,liketheothers(C.34,C.52)groupstheapicesbytype. Entireistheassumedstateforthischaracter.&  C.69.Stamenform*xKLdddd"dd"IJ(#(#x,dd ,dd +  %yyy l %1normal -yyyyl yyy -2petaloidabortive.$"l! yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Normalistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter.'?C.70.StamenNumber*xMNdddd dd KL(#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy ( #1zero )yy)yy )21xsepals -yyy*yy -32xsepals 9yyy(+ yyy 943xsepals +yyy,yyy +54xsepals -yyyy-yyy -.$".  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratethevarietyinnumbersofwhorlsofstamens. 2xistheisassumedstateforTrilliumforthischaracter;thereisnoassumedstateforPariss.l.. L0 C.71.StamenFusion*OPdddd dd dd MN(#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy "H5 %1free -yyyy"H6yyy -2adnatetotepal.$""H7 yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Freeistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter.C.72.StamenTransversePosture*xQRdddd dd OP(#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy X)$> %1straight +yyyX)$?yyy +2incurved -yyyyX)$@yyy -3slightlyrecurved.$"X)$A yyyy . `   ` Likepetalposture(C.64),stamenposturewasdividedintoitscomponentparts.Thischaracterwasthefirst.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter. + 'C ЇC.73.StamenVerticalPosture*STdddd dd dd QR(#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy d %1erect -yyyydyyy -2spreading.$"d yyyy . `   ` Thischaracteristhesecondpartofstamenposture.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.&  C.74.AntherDehiscence*xUVdddd dd ST(#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy t   %1introrse +yyyt  yyy +2latrorse -yyyyt yyy -3extrorse.$"t  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevarietyofdehiscenceinthefamily.Unlikeotherfamiliesorgenera,thisisnotalwaysconstantwithinTrilliaceae.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.' Ԣ&  C.75.PollenShape*WXdddd dd dd UV(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy $ %1spherical +yyy$yyy +2ellipsoid -yyyy$yyy -3irregular.$"$ yyyy . `   ` ThischaracterhasbeenfoundtobediagnosticbetweenPariss.l.andTrillium. Spherical l istheassumedstateforTrilliumforthischaracter; ellipsoidistheassumedstateforPariss.l.It 8 waspollenshapethathelpedsolidifythepositionofTrillidiumasava;odgenus.Whenthe T positionofTrilliumrivalecameundersuspicion,pollengrainsfromT.rivale,T.govanianum,T.   sulcatum,andP.polyphyllawereexaminewithaScanningElectronMicroscope(SEM)( FigureC.1 ).  T.rivalehasthesphericalpollenofTrillium,butT.govanianumclearlyhasellipsoidal, h monosulcatepollen.'<C.76.PollenAperture*YZdddd dd dd WX(#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy 0% %1omniaperturate -yyyy0&yyy -2monosulcate.$"0' yyyy . `   ` ThischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroupaswellasseparateTrilliumandParis,s.l.. OmniaperturateistheassumedstateforTrilliumforthis  ) character; monosulcateistheassumedstateforPariss.l(q.v. FigureC.1) . `!* C.77.PollenOrnamentation*x[\dddd dd YZ(#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy \% / #1granulate )yy\% 0yy )2echinate )yy\% 1yy )3corrugate -yyy\% 2yy -4verrucate 7yy(\% 3 yyy 75spinulate )yy(&x!4yy )6clavate )yy(&x!5yy )7foveolate -yyy(&x!6yy -8reticulate 9yyy((&x!7 yyy 99psilate +yyy&D"8yyy +Agemmate +yyy&D"9yyy + -yyyy&D":yyy -.$"&D";  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterhasbeenfoundtobetaxonomicallyinformative,butithasnotbeensampledwidelyenoughacrossthefamilytobeveryphylogeneticallyinformative.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter. + '@ w;1O  &  C.78.ConnectiveProlongation*]^dddd dd dd dd [\(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +   H 1none  H 2acute  H 3truncate  H 4dilated #H #5round  d 6emarginate  d 7obtuse  d  d    `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevariousshapesofconnectiveprolongationinthefamily.Thischaracteristaxonomicallyimportant.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.'C.79.FilamentColor*_`dddd dd dd dd ]^(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  ,yy t  ,1green ;yy,!t yy ;2purple ;yy,!t yy ;3whitishpurple ?yyy,!t yy ?4reddishpurple Iyy:'t  yyy I5whitishgreen ;yy,!@ yy ;6reddishpurplishbrown ;yy,! \ yy ;7pinkishwhite ?yyy,!@ yy ?8greenishyellow Kyyy:'@  yyy K9white =yyy,!( yyy =Apink =yyy,!( yyy =Bbrown ?yyyy,!( yyy ?Cyellow7-+(   yyyy 7 `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevarietyinthefamily.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.& , C.80.PollenColor*abdddd dd dd dd _`(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  ,yy 8% ,1yellow ;yy,!8&yy ;2orange ;yy,!8'yy ;3olive ?yyy,!8(yy ?4brownish Iyy:'8) yyy I5oliveorange ;yy,!T*yy ;6purple ;yy,!T+yy ;7greyishpurple ?yyy,!T,yy ?8pink Kyyy:'T- yyy K9yellowishpalepurple =yyy,!/yyy =Agreen =yyy,! 0yyy =Bmaroon ?yyyy,! 1yyy ?Corangeyellow7-+ 2  yyyy 7 `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevarietyinthefamily.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.',ʻC.81.ConnectiveColor*cddddd dd dd dd ab(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy L9 #1green )yyL:yy )2pink )yyL;yy )3purple -yyyL<yy -4pinkishpurple 7yy(L= yyy 75reddishpurple )yy>yy )6brown )yy?yy )7whitishgreen -yyy@yy -8white 9yyy(A yyy 99reddishpurplishbrown +yyy`!Cyyy + +yyy Dyyy + -yyyy Eyyy -.$" F  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevarietyinthefamily.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.C.82.StamenColorDistribution*efdddd dd dd dd cd(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy '#M %1throughout +yyy'#Nyyy +2pollendifferent -yyyy'#Oyyy -3alldifferent.$"'#P yyyy . `   ` Becauseofextremevariabilityincolor,thischaracterwasusedtoexaminecolordistributionpatternsratherthanactualcolors. Throughoutistheassumedstateforthischaracter. + 'T C.83.PistilForm*ghdddd dd dd ef(#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy H %1normal -yyyyHyyy -2abortive.$"H yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Normalistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter.C.84.OvaryPosition*xijdddd dd gh(#(#x,dd ,dd +  %yyy    %1inferior -yyyy  yyy -2superior.$"   yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Superioristheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter.&  C.85.NumberofLocules*xkldddd dd ij(#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy X %1one +yyyXyyy +2three -yyyyXyyy -3fourtoten.$"X yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterandplacentation(C.86)wereusedtoexaminethevarietywithinthefamily.ThesecharactersarediagnosticinseparatingParisandDaiswa;thereisnoconsistencywithin l Trillium.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.'p  8 C.86.Placentation*mndddd dd dd kl(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy 4 %1axile +yyy4 yyy +2parietal -yyyy4!yyy -3combination.$"4" yyyy . `   ` InParisandDaiswa,placentationandnumberofloculesarecorrelated;thisisnotthecase # inTrillium.Duetoreportsof variableplacentationinTrillium(Zomlefer,1994,1996)serial $ sectionsweremadeofvariousTrilliumovaries( FigureC.2 ).Inmostoftheovariesthatwere d% examined,apically,basally,orboth,placentationwasobviouslyaxile,butinthecenteroftheovary,placentationwasparietal.TraditionallyinTrillium,placentationwasreportedtobeaxile L' becauseLiliaceaehaveaxileplacentation.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.C.87.OvaryShape*opdddd dd dd mn(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy #- #1conical )yy#.yy )2angularovoid )yy#/yy )3ovoid -yyy#0yy -4ellipsoid 7yy(#1 yyy 75obovoid )yy$2yy )6flaskshaped )yy$3yy )7subglobose -yyy$4yy -8ovalglobose 9yyy($5 yyy 99fusiform +yyy\% 6yyy +Aovateconical +yyy\% 7yyy + -yyyy\% 8yyy -.$"\% 9  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevarietyofshapeswithinthefamily.ThischaracterhasbeenusedtaxonomicallywithinpedicellateTrillium.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter. '#;  X)$= ;3  &  C.88.OvaryCrosssectionShape*qrdddd dd dd dd op(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy H %1round +yyyHyyy +2ridged +yyyHyyy +3angled -yyyyHyyy -4winged.$"H yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthetaxonomicallyimportantovarycrosssectionshape. FigureC.2  0 alsoillustratesthedifferencebetween wingedversus ridged.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.'9C.89.OvaryRibs*stdddd dd dd dd qr(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy t  #1zero )yyt yy )2two )yyt yy )3three -yyyt yy -4four 9yyy(t  yyy 95five +yyy@ yyy +6six +yyy@ yyy +7seven -yyyy@ yyy -.$"@   yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevarietyinnumbersofribsorwings.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.&  C.90.OvaryApex*uvdddd dd dd dd st(#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy  %1truncate +yyyyyy +2crowned +yyyyyy +3attenuate -yyyy yyy -4obtuse.$"! yyyy . `   ` ThischaractercanbeusedtoseparateParisfromDaiswa;withinTrillium,thereisnota 8" greatdealofvariety.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.'6C.91.StylePresence*wxdddd dd dd dd uv(#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy P( %1present -yyyyP)yyy -2absent.$"P* yyyy . `   ` ManyPariss.l.exhibitacommonstyle,whereasmostTrilliumdonot. Absentisthe + assumedstateforthischaracter.C.92.StigmaNumber*xyzdddd dd wx(#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy `!1 #1three )yy`!2yy )2four )yy`!3yy )3five -yyy`!4yy -4six 9yyy(`!5 yyy 95eight +yyy,"|6yyy +6ten +yyy,"|7yyy +7seven -yyyy,"|8yyy -.$","|9  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthestigmaticmerosity. ThreeistheassumedstateforTrillium #: forthischaracter;Pariss.l.hasnoassumedstate. $; C.93.StigmaShape*{|dddd dd dd dd yz(#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy (#@ %1linearsubulate -yyyy(#Ayyy -2subulate.$"(#B yyyy . `   ` ThischaracterillustratesstigmashapewhichcanbeimportanttaxonomicallyinTrillium. $*t%C Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter. + 'E ЇC.94.StigmaVerticalPosture*x}~dddd dd {|(#(#x,dd ,dd +  %yyy H %1divergent -yyyyHyyy -2erect.$"H yyyy . `   ` Thischaracter,likepetalpostureandstamenposture,hasbeendividedintoitscomponentparts.Itillustratestheorientationofthestigmaticbranches.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.C.95.StigmaTransversePosture*xdddd dd }~(#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy t   %1incurved +yyyt  yyy +2straight -yyyyt yyy -3recurved.$"t  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracteristhesecondpartofstigmaposture.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.&  C.96.StigmaDuration*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy $ %1deciduous -yyyy$yyy -2persistent.$"$ yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroup. Persistentistheonlystatecurrentlyusedforthischaracter.'<C.97.StigmaSize*xdddd dd (#(#x,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy 4 %1verythin +yyy4 yyy +2thin +yyy4!yyy +3average -yyyy4"yyy -4thick.$"4# yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevariationinstigmasizewithinthefamily.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.C.98.Ovarycolor*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  ,yy  * ,1yellowishwhite ;yy,! +yy ;2green ;yy,! ,yy ;3purple ?yyy,! -yy ?4pink Iyy:' . yyy I5creamyellow ;yy,!`!/yy ;6white ;yy,!`!0yy ;7reddishpurple ?yyy,!`!1yy ?8purplishbrown Iyy:'`!2 yyy I9yellowgreen ;yy,!,"|3yy ;Areddishpurplishbrownovergreenred ;yy,!"H5yy ;Bgreenoverpurple ?yyy,!,"|6yy ?Cpurpleovergreen Iyy:',"|7 yyy IDpurpleoveryellow ;yy,!$9yy ;Epurpleoverwhite ;yy,!#:yy ;Fpinkoverwhite ?yyy,!#;yy ?Ggreenwithpurpledisk Kyyy:'$= yyy KHgreenwithyellowdisk =yyy,!(&x!?yyy =Igreenwithwhitedisk =yyy,!(&x!Ayyy =Jyellowwithblackdisk ?yyyy,!(&x!Cyyy ?7-+\% D  yyyy 7 `   ` Likeothercolorcharacters,therehasbeengroupinginto metacolorsinthischaracter.Thischaracterillustratesthevariationincoloraswellassomecolorpatterning.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter. *@&I &  C.99.OvaryColorDistribution*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy H %1throughout +yyyHyyy +2spotted +yyyHyyy +3striped -yyyyHyyy -4geographic.$"H yyyy . `   ` Thischaracter,liketheothercolordistributioncharacters,waschoseninthehopethatitwouldbemorephylogeneticallyinformativethanalonglistofcolors. Throughoutistheassumedstateforthischaracter.'&  C.100.StigmaColor*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  ,yy t  ,1green ;yy,!t yy ;2purple ;yy,!t yy ;3yellowishgreen ?yyy,!t yy ?4creamywhite Iyy:'t  yyy I5yellow ;yy,!@ yy ;6yellowishwhite ;yy,!@ yy ;7pink ?yyy,!@ yy ?8black Iyy:'@  yyy I9brownishviolet ;yy,! \ yy ;Areddishpurplishbrown ;yy,!( yy ;Bbrown ?yyy,! \ yy ?Cpurpleout,greenin Iyy:'(  yyy IDpurplebrownout,yellowin ;yy,!p yy ;Epurpleout,yellowin ;yy,!p yy ;Fwhite,basallypink ?yyy,! !yy ?Ggreenout,yellowin Kyyy:'p # yyy KHpinkishorange =yyy,!< $yyy =Ired =yyy,!< %yyy = ?yyyy,!< &yyy ?7-+< '  yyyy 7 `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevariationinthefamily.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.'  C.101StigmaColorDistribution*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy . %1throughout +yyy/yyy +2banded -yyyy0yyy -3geographic.$"1 yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasassumedtobemorephylogeneticallyinformativethancoloralone. Throughoutistheassumedstateforthischaracter.C.102.PistilColorDistribution*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  .yyy L8 .1throughout =yyy,!L9yyy =2geographicbypart ?yyyy,!L:yyy ?3alldifferent7-+L; yyyy 7 `   ` Thischaracterwasassumedtobemorephylogeneticallyinformativethancoloralone. Throughoutistheassumedstateforthischaracter.C.103.FruitType*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy \% B %1berry +yyy\% Cyyy +2capsule -yyyy\% Dyyy -3fleshycapsule.$"\% E yyyy . `   ` ThismuchdebateaboutfruittypeinTrilliaceae.ThefruitinDaiswaisloculicidally &D"F dehiscent,butitisnotatruecapsule.Somepeoplehavecalledthistypeoffruitafleshycapsule.InTrillium,thefleshycapsuleisoftenmentioned,butitdoesnotexhibittruedehiscence;ratherthe (#H fruitrupturesasifenlargingtoorapidly,oritabcissesfromtheplantrupturingintheprocess.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter. + 'L C.104.FruitDehiscence*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy H #1indehiscent )yyHyy )2basallydehiscent )yyHyy )3septicidal -yyyHyy -4irregular 9yyy(H yyy 95loculicidal +yyydyyy +6dehiscent +yyydyyy +7decay -yyyyd yyy -.$"d   yyyy . `   ` ThischaracterwasusedtoseparatethenontrilliaceousoutgroupsfromtheingroupaswellasillustratethevarioustypesofdehiscencethatheavebeenreportedonTrilliaceae.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.&  C.105.FruitShape*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy @  #1conical )yy@ yy )2angularovoid -yyy@ yy -3ovoid 9yyy(@  yyy 94globose +yyy \ yyy +5obovoid -yyyy \ yyy -6elliptic.$" \   yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevarietyoffruitshapesinthefamily.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.' C.106.FruitColor*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy l #1green )yyl yy )2maroon )yyl!yy )3greenishyellow -yyyl"yy -4rustyred 7yy(l# yyy 75greenishwhite )yy8$yy )6red )yy8%yy )7black -yyy8&yy -8bluishblack 7yy(8' yyy 79brown )yyT(yy )Apurple )yyT)yy )Bgreenwithpurpledots -yyy +yy -Cpurplishgreen 7yy(T, yyy 7Dgreenishbrown )yy-yy )Egreenwithbrownribs )yyh/yy )Fblackpurple -yyy0yy -Gwhite 9yyy(1 yyy 9Hpink +yyy42yyy + +yyy43yyy + -yyyy44yyy -.$"45  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterillustratesthevarietyoffruitcolorsinthefamily.Thereisnoassumedstateforthischaracter.C.107.FruitColorDistribution*dddd dd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  #yy  < #1throughout )yy =yy )2mottled -yyy >yy -3spotted 9yyy( ? yyy 94striped +yyy`!@yyy +5geographic -yyyy`!Ayyy -.$"`!B  yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterwasassumedtobemorephylogeneticallyinformativethancoloralone. Throughoutistheassumedstateforthischaracter.C.108.SeedArils*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd ,dd +  %yyy '#I %1incomplete +yyy'#Jyyy +2absent -yyyy'#Kyyy -3complete.$"'#L yyyy . `   ` Thischaracteristaxonomicallyimportantinthefamily. IncompleteistheassumedstateforTrillium;thereisnoassumedstateforPariss.l.forthischaracter. $*t%N  + 'P C.109.EndospermDevelopment*dddd dd dd (#(#,dd ,dd +  %yyy H %1helobial -yyyyHyyy -2nuclear.$"H yyyy . `   ` Thischaracterisdiagnosticwithinthefamily. HelobialisassumedforTrillium; nuclear 0 isassumedforPariss.l.forthischaracter.  & ` C.110.CotyledonShape*xdddd dd (#(#x,dd ,dd +  %yyy    %1straplike -yyyy  yyy -2leaflike.$"   yyyy . `   ` ThischaracterwasdeterminedtobediagnosticinseparatingTrilliumfromPariss.l.( Figure @  C.3 ).Atthistime,itisnotknowiftheleaflikecotyledonisatruecotyledon,orifitisatrueleaf  \  emergingaftersomesortofepigealgermination. StraplikeisassumedforTrillium; leaflikeis (  assumedforPariss.l.'` *