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key to Paris by Dr. Victor G. Soukup modified by Susan B. Farmer
1a. Ovary 4-10 locular, with axile placentation; berry indehiscent; seeds
sometimes with a spongy (never succulent) aril on 1 side . . . . . . . . 2
1b. Ovary 1-locular with parietal placentation; berry-like capsule
dehiscing irregularly; seeds surrounded by succulent aril . . .. . . . 12
2a. Rhizomes slender, elongated, creeping, 2-5 mm wide; seeds without aril;
funicle (seed stalk) not swollen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2b. Rhizome thick, 8-45 mm wide; seeds ñ enveloped by a whitish green spongy
aril formed by swollen seed stalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3a. Petals absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3b. Petals present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 5
4a. Leaves usually 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. tetraphylla
4b. Leaves usually 7-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P.incompleta
5a. Leaves usually 6-8; sepals 10-25 (-30) mm wide . . . . . . P. verticillata
5b. Leaves usually 4; sepals 3-9 mm wide .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6a. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic; sepals 3-5 mm wide, reflexed .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. bashanensis
6b. Leaves broadly obovate or ovate; sepals 5-9 mm wide, spreading
horizontally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P. quadrifolia
7a. Sepals showy, petaloid, white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. japonica
7b. Sepals green, not white petaloid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8a. Leaves 9-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. dulongensis
8b. Leaves 4-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9a. Leaves wrinkled, obovate, 10-15 x 6.3-10 cm; basally rounded . . P. rugosa
9b. Leaves not wrinkled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10a. Leaves elliptic or oblanceolate, base subcuneate . . . . . . P. vaniotii
10b. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, base shallowly
cordate or rounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
11a. Seeds white or yellow-red, slightly enveloped by a swollen seed stalk
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. forrestii
11b. Seeds yellow-brown, half enveloped by greenish white or rarely orange
spongy aril formed by enlarged seed stalk . . . . . . . . . . P. axialis
12a. Stamens 4-6X as many as sepals; seeds enveloped by orange aril . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. dunniana
12b. Stamens 2 or 3X sepals; seeds enveloped by red aril . . . . . . . . . 13
13a. Leaves with white, yellowish, or purple markings . . . . . . . . . . . 14
13b. Leaves without markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
14a. Leaves with purple markings; stamen ca 3X as many as leaves .P. polyandra
14b. Leaves with white or yellowish markings, stamens 2X as many as leaves .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
15a. Sepals as many as leaves, shorter than petals. . . . . . P. luquanensis
15b. Sepals fewer than leaves, longer than petals . . . . . . . P. marmorata
16a. Plants papilose-pubescent or pubescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
16b. Plants glabrous or nearly so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
17a. Free portion of connective 0.5-1 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. mairei
17b. Free portion of connective 13-15 mm . . . . . . . . . . . P. wenxianensis
18a. Free portion of connective 6-15 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
18b. Free portion of connective 1-4 (-5) mm (except for P. polyphylla var
pseudothibetica) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
19a. Petals pendulous, margin undulate . . . . . . . . . . . . .. P. undulata
19b. Petals, if present, not pendulous, margin not undulate . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (P. thibetica) . . 20
20a. Anther 3x filament . . . . . . . . . . P. polyphylla var. pseudothibetica
20b. Anther 2x filament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
21a. Petals present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. thibetica var. thibetica
21b. Petals absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. thibetica var. apetala
22a. Filaments ca. 1mm, shorter than free portion of connective . P. daliensis
22b. Filaments over 2mm, longer than free portion of connective . . . . . . 23
23a. Free portion of connective transversely ellipsoid, subglobose, or
short conical, broader than long or as broad as long . . . . .P. fargesii
23b. Free portion of connective inconspicuous or longer than broad . . . . 24
24a. Leaves (18-) 23-26 X (11-) 14-16 cm . . . . . . . . . . . P. vietnamensis
24b. Leaves 5-17 X 2-11 cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
25a. Leaves ovate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (P. cronquistii). . . 26
25b. Leaves oblong to lanceolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
26a. Petals 3.2-8 CM X ~ 1 mm . . . . . . . . P. cronquistii var. cronquistii
26b. Petals ca. 3 cm X 5 mm . . . . . . . . . P. cronquistii var. xichouensis
27a. Petals dark purple, usually much shorter than sepals . . . . P. delavayi
27b. Petals yellow-green, usually slightly shorter or longer than sepals . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(P. polyphylla) . . . 28
28a. Ovary and capsule tuberculate . . . . . . . .P. polyphylla var. latifolia
28b. Ovary and capsule smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
29a. Free portion of connective 3-15 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
29b. Free portion of connective 1-2 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
30a. Filaments 1-2 mm; anthers ca. 6 mm . . . . . . .P. polyphylla var. minora
30b. Filaments 4-6 mm; anthers 12-18 mm . . P. polyphylla var. pseudothibetica
31a. Filaments up to 10mm; stigma lobes 7 . . P. polyphylla var kwantungensis
31b. Filaments 4-7 mm; stigma lobes (4-) 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
32a. Petals (2-) 3-5 mm wide, distally usually widened and narrowly
spatulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis
32b. Petals 1-2 mm wide, distally never widened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
33a. Style and apical part of the ovary white . . . . P. polyphylla var. alba
33b. Style and apical part of ovary green or purple . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
34a. Anthers ca. 2X as long as filaments . . . . P. polyphylla var. chinensis
34b. Anthers nearly as long as or shorter than filaments . . . . . . . . . 35
35a. Plants ca.10 cm tall; free portion of connective inconspicuous
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. polyphylla var. nana
35b. Plants over 30 cm tall; free portion of connective conspicuous,
0.5-1 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
36a. Leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or obovate-lanceolate, 2.5-5 cm wide
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. polyphylla var. polyphylla
36b. Leaf blade lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm wide
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. polyphylla var. stenophylla